Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). A) managed care You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). c. deaths due to accidents have increased. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. It is typically consumed in pill form. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. d. both b and c. 2. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Ebola virus disease - World Health Organization Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. Fever. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Complications. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). . Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Feeling tired. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. a. How does hypnosis work? How the brain's internal states affect decision-making While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Has something like this ever happened to you? Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). 3. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. c++ - What is internal state? - Stack Overflow Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Thirst. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Diarrhea. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. . One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia - Verywell Mind a - a mole that looks cancerous. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. C) the severity and duration of the problem. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth.
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