High traffic of recreational fishing occurs in these streams. Canada geese build nests on top of muskrat huts and other high viewpoints near the water. The sandy beaches and barrier islands of Gulf Islands National Seashore allow observations of shorebirds and seabirds, including the Magnificant Frigatebird and Northern Gannet. Stay up to date on the latest Great River Road events, contests and deals. The Lower Lake (the area below the dam) can be a good birding spot as well. White-throated Sparrow 12. Killdeer, lesser yellowlegs, upland sandpiper and other shorebirds can be seen along river shorelines. The main endpoints of the flyway include central Canada and the region surrounding the Gulf of Mexico. Unknown: Nativeness status is unknown or ambiguous. Bird enthusiasts of all ages will love Minnesotas National Eagle Center. The Mississippi Flyway is a bird migration route that generally follows the Mississippi, Missouri, and Lower Ohio Rivers in the United States across the western Great Lakes to the Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay in Canada. Be sure to stay for the daily demonstrations where you can meet bald and golden eagles face to face. The remainder of the cams will going through the Stewards server. Local birders often drive the 8.5 miles of Beach Boulevard that runs along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from the Highway 90 bridge in Bay St. Louis to its end at Bayou Caddy. New analysis casts doubts. Grab a pair of binoculars, because you won't believe the variety of fowl that nests along the Mississippi. This is because its often polluted by the runoff from salts, fertilizer and other chemicals used on highways, yards and farmland. Have a suggestion or comment on this list? Operated in conjunction with Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge, its an Audubon Important Bird Area with a bird list of more than 250 species. Stop the Destruction of Globally Important Wetland. In the winter months the Mississippi River Valley hosts thousands of waterfowl and during spring and fall migration the Prairie Pothole region in North and South Dakota lights up with large concentrations of waterfowl. Whether you're searching for songbirds, water birds, shorebirds or raptors, here are some recommendations for when and where to look for them! ?regular species?? 1). "It travels in what we call a wedge." To stop the encroaching wedge, the corps built a $5.8 million sill on the bottom of the river. The seven flyways are located within the four larger geographical areas. Large concentrations of other species of waterfowl, Ring-billed Gulls and Herring Gulls are found with the flocks of mergansers. Another great stop in the Wildlife Refuge is Pikes Peak State Park in McGregor, Iowa. Mississippi Kite. Unconfirmed: Species is attributed to park but evidence is weak or absent. The Mississippi River Valley provides food, habitat and protection for millions of birds as they make this epic twice-yearly journey. Pick up a copy of the free guide Selected Birds of the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and Vicinity to enhance your birding. Mississippi River Flyway Cam - LIVE The Raptor Resource Project has established a new bird cam on an island in the heart Show more Chat is disabled for this live stream. This species list is constantly updated and may reflect a more recent checklist than the printable resource above. The speed of the river at the headwaters in Minnesota is about 1.2 miles per hour but when it reaches New Orleans, the speed is 3 miles per hour. Then continue to the boat launch area. Whip-poor-will Our email newsletter shares the latest programs and initiatives. The US Geologic Survey has published a number of 2,300 miles, the EPA says it is 2,320 miles long, and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area suggests the river's length is 2,350 miles. also an important land use, and outdoor recreational opportunities abound, with significant Please follow directions on each of the pages to view other cams. MN ?V 1e The Upper Mississippi Valley NWR has recorded 305 species of birds, 133 of which are known to breed. Photo: Dick Dickinson/Audubon Photography Awards, All along the Gulf Coast, Audubon conserves, restores, protects, and monitors coastal sites for colonial and beach-nesting birds More. Membership benefits include one year of Audubon magazineand the latest on birds and their habitats. + Migratory Game Birds. Bald Eagle. Or take action immediately with one of our current campaigns below: The Audubon Bird Guide is a free and complete field guide to more than 800 species of North American birds, right in your pocket. Stop the Destruction of Globally Important Wetland. Of its 48,000 acres, more than half are bottomland hardwood forest where the hooting of Barred Owl and the drumming of Pileated Woodpecker sound through the bald-cypress trees. About 25 miles south of Greenville, Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge protects a splendid remnant of the once-vast bottomland hardwood forests of the Mississippi Delta. Unusual species seen in the area include Pomerine Jaeger in Nov. 1996, and a White-winged Scoter in 2006. MN ?V 2b Twenty-seven criteria 2b species occur on the refuge. Bald eagles sit in the water, on fallen logs or in trees watching for easy meals. This area contains the largest northerly (outside Alaska) concentration of wintering Bald Eagles in the United States.Two to three hundred eagles use this IBA on a daily basis from November to March. Piping plover recovery partners are celebrating many successes as the summer comes to a close. Dabbling ducks, who prefer shallower waters, arrive first to the backwaters. The Mississippi Coastal Birding Trail helps guide visitors to destinations in six southern counties. Many portions of the river remain open, even during the severest of winters, providing winter feeding sites for the eagles. With many hardwood forest trees losing their leaves in the fall, winter is great time to look for woodpeckers and other hardy residential birds in the forests and marshes. Also check the marshy area north of the road for wading birds. the Mississippi Flyway stretches from Canada through the Great Lakes and follows the Mississippi River. It lies within Pool 4 of the Mississippi River and includes all of Lake Pepin, Perched Valley WMA near Wacouta, Frontenac State Park, Bald Eagle SNA and Hok Si La Park. Retaining or restoring the health of stream systems is an important conservation objective in this subsection. Swallow, Tree Download the official NPS app before your next visit. The Shady Maple Overlook is located off of Highway 35, about one mile south of Goose Island County Park and about three miles south of La Crosse, Wisconsin. With their graceful flight patterns, the white pelican migration is one of the most anticipated events for birders. Click here for more information on birds of the upper Mississippi River. Many miles of inviting trails wind through various habitats on the refuge, and boardwalks offer the opportunity to experience the bottomland swamp. Menu about us livecams films snapshots event calendar Falcon, Peregrine In spring 2006, daily high counts of 2,499 on 12 March, and 3,450 on 17 March were recorded. The Refuge was established in 1924 to protect bottomland habitat for migratory birds and fish. Dove, Rock (Pigeon) The Mississippi Flyway is the migration route followed by 40% of all waterfowl and shorebirds in North America. This is the general phone line at the Mississippi River Visitor Center. Daily high waterfowl counts in fall 2005 exceeded 600,000 birds in pools 4-9. Trout Stream Map-Mississippi River. MRPC Office: PO BOX 7395 | Madison, WI 53707-7395 control has been instituted to combat it. Enjoy unsurpassed birdwatching in Mississippis Theordore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge. BIRD MIGRATION: MISSISSIPPI FLYWAY Some songbirds, like ruby-crowned kinglets, chestnut-sided warblers, black-and-white warblers, and Cape May warblers, are only here for a a short time, while others, like blue-gray gnatcatchers, prothonotary warblers, American redstarts, warbling vireos, scarlet tanagers, and great crested flycatchers nest here in spring into summer. The Southern Migration usually peaks sometime during early half of January and the Northern Migration peaks around the middle to the end of February. Decorah Hatchery Eagles Second egg 02 28 2023. During the spring and fall, millions of birds, from tiny warblers to giant white pelicans, make their way along the Mississippi River. The Mississippi Flyway is not only a tremendously important flyway for waterbirds, but also for raptors and all other migratory birds. The dam area on Highway 315 has many areas from which the lake can be scanned for waterbirds. Even with the burgeoning spring weather, a bird feeder is a great help to a migrating bird thats been flying for hours. Large reservoirs, including Sardis Lake and Ross Barnett Reservoir, are at their best from fall through late winter, when theyre home to waterfowl such as loons, grebes, and rarities like the occasional scoter. Water is also important for migrating birds. They typically spend winter in Central America or Mexico, and as early as February, they begin migrating north to the southern U.S. for breeding. The best time for seeing them flock in full force would be between mid-March and mid-October. 2022 Woodstream Corporation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bobolink. About 40% of the waterfowl in North America migrate along the Mississippi Flyway and many stop on the refuge as they make their journey south. 9). The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge extends nearly 261 miles and contains more than 200,000 acres of fish and wildlife habitat in four states along the Mississippi River from Wabasha, Minnesota, to Rock Island, Illinois. Bald Eagle has nested near the Sandstone Nature Trail, and the Clear Spring Nature Trail winds through a bald-cypress swamp. MN-2b (Species of conservation concern) ?V The following species occur in significant numbers as non-breeders and breeders within this site: American Woodcock All About the Mississippi Flyway and the Birds That Travel It Kentucky Warbler perched on a branch As the name indicates, this migration path follows the Mississippi River, spanning the Gulf of Mexico all the way to Canada. Listen for the chattering twitter of chimney swifts and common nighthawks in evening hours by the river. Mile 10, Natchez Trace National Parkway, Mississippi. National Audubon Society The Mississippi kite was first named and described by the Scottish ornithologist Alexander Wilson in 1811, in the third volume of his American Ornithology. Retaining or restoring the health of stream Saint Paul Song sparrows and common yellowthroats sing in wetland environments, and listen for the chuckling laughter-like call of sora rails in the marsh. Alligators are usually easily seen except in winter. Most visitor activities center on the section west of the community of Sibley, where the office can provide maps and advice. MN The Mississippi River flyway is a migration route followed by 40 percent of North America's water and shore birds. Bald Eagle is regularly seen and nests, as does Osprey. ?s Sparrows. Interested in learning even more? Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge has been a haven for migratory birds, fish, wildlife and people since 1924. Check out some of our favorite stops to watch the spring migration in Wisconsin and Minnesota. "The largest US barge operator warned customers it won't be able to make good on deliveries. National Audubon Society After stopping at the visitor center to see exhibits and learn about ranger-led programs, walk the two-mile trail, which passes through coastal forest and reaches two bayous. The refuge is located on the Mississippi River, west of Highway 61 about 12 miles south of Natchez. They would much rather chow down on some easy-to-find sunflower seeds than spend hours rooting around a muddy field for a few beaks of seed. "Saltwater is denser than freshwater and so it travels on the bottom," says Stack. The Upper Mississippi Valley provides habitat for 305 species of birds, 57 species of mammals, 45 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 134 species of fish. Birds navigate along more or less regular routes when they migrate. Its the least you can do. Inside the center are two floors of interactive exhibits where you can climb inside a nest and test your strength against our national birds. Our email newsletter shares the latest programs and initiatives. The best places to view tundra swans are usually: Weaver Bottoms near Weaver, Minnesota For hummingbird migration, we ask that you log any hummingbird sightings on the Perky-Pet Hummingbird Migration Map. Birders visit from fall through spring to see waterfowl, loons, grebes, and gulls. Goose, Canada This becomes even more important during migration as birds are often moving through unfamiliar terrain with unknown risks. This Important Bird Area meets the minimum requirements to qualify under criteria 1a, 1c, 1d, 1e, 2a, 2b and 3. The road in part runs alongside the massive reservoir and into swampy areas, in two miles turning east to parallel the beautiful Natchez Trace Parkway. The lakes are home to thousands of waterfowl from fall through spring. Vireos, flycatchers, sparrows, orioles, tanagers and thrushes are recorded in abundance every year, and the prairie grasslands of the park provide excellent habitat for Henslow? The northern (eastern) boundary is the MN/WI state line. Tours to see cranes are offered in fall and winter. Bald Eagle. Its 13,000 acres also encompass many lakes, ponds, and wetlands, as well as agricultural land. It may be best known, though, for the masses of wading birds that flock here in late summer, including large numbers of Wood Storks. Bell? Hok-si-la Park is also noted as an important migratory stopover for songbirds in both spring and fall. Be sure to explore the effigy mounds while you birdwatch. The highest concentration of migrating Common Mergansers in the workd occurs on Lake Pepin during the month of November. Here's what you've always wanted to know about the four migratory bird flyways of North America. At 4:37 PM, she experienced contractions, although she remained laying down and the contractions were not . This includes 29 species of shorebirds and 33 species of warblers (10 breeding). The letters pages of . Bald Eagle. The list of birds using any flyway is vast. We get a front and center seat to watch spring migration. This is a very popular summer recreation area, so the best seasons are fall through spring. Begin the route off Highway 43 on the north shore of Ross Barnett Reservoir. Frontenac State Park, with a total list of 263 species, is one of the most popular birding areas in Minnesota. Black-billed Cuckoo A look ahead at whats working, whats not, and where we go from here. The observation deck at the National Eagle Center in Wabasha, Minnesota is a great place to view eagles in the wild as they soar above the Mississippi. Look over the following list and the map above to see if you live on or near a fall bird migration route. These dynamic maps highlight exactly where and when waterfowl turn up to help conservationists better protect those species. MN-1e (Species diversity) - This IBA, situated within the Mississippi River corridor, is one of the major routes for spring and fall migrants in the central part of the United States. During the months of October and November, staff from the Mississippi River Delta Restoration Campaignwill be making stops along the Mississippi River, talking with people about the importance of the Mississippi River Delta to birds migrating along the flywaythis fall. Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Youll find plenty of songbirds here eastern bluebirds, warblers, catbirds, pileated woodpeckers, hummingbirds, but eagles and pelicans too. . Detailed information is available only for Bald Eagles, Peregrine Falcons, and Red-shouldered Hawks. bird migration routes or flyways. The bottom of their tail has distinct white and black dots/streaks and a soft orange tint on the tips of their wings. "The migration north usually has two. ?Villa Maria Warbler Weekend??). On cross-country flights, migratory birds gravitate toward efficient paths with plenty of rest stops. Around 200 species have been recorded along this unpaved but well-maintained road. Seen often are Brown Pelican, Reddish Egret, Bald Eagle, and abundant shorebirds. The Davis Bayou area, in Ocean Springs, offers a chance for birders to walk through a maritime forest and scan marsh, bayou, and open water, and can be especially good in spring migration. The Mississippi River drains an area of about 3.2 million square kilometers (1.2 million square miles), including all or parts of 31 states and two Canadian provinces, about 40% of . Mallard Forestry is Bald Eagles nest, migrate, and winter within this IBA. MN ?V 1c Fifteen to twenty waterbird nesting colonies are found on the refuge containing over 5,000 nests. It is little wonder then that this large, south-flowing river forms the core of one of North America's great flyways and offers birders wonderful opportunities to observe a wide variety of species. Diving ducks usually arrive a little later and form large rafts on the deeper, open water where they feed on the roots and tubers of aquatic plants. Sediment deposition and both Tags: Arkansas, birding, fall, Louisiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, MRPC Office: PO BOX 7395 | Madison, WI 53707-7395 Over 300 pairs of bald eagles nest on the refuge year round, but the late winter also brings migratory bald eagles who are slowly making their way farther north back to their nesting grounds. One estimate suggests that 326 species use the flyway. Program Washington, DC Migratory Bird Harvest Surveys Canvasback ducks, ring-necked ducks, lesser scaup, goldeneye, bufflehead, and redheads are often seen together. The Mississippi Flyway is the migration route followed by 40% of all waterfowl and shorebirds in North America. Counts of 20-70,000 occur each year, with the highest recorded count of 70,000 occuring on 26 November 1995. Visit your local Audubon center, join a chapter, or help save birds with your state program. April and May offer the best glimpses of songbirds that stopover or nest in the floodplain forest and marshes on their way back north from the tropics. We protect birds and the places they need. 34 warbler species (includes all ? A stopover for birds migrating south In North America billions of birds fly south from the north in search of warmer weather to nest and thrive. Watch for red-tailed hawks perched in trees near wetland areas and for kestrel and rough-legged hawks near grassland areas. Many birds migrate seasonally, and hummingbirds are no exception. Birds of the beach include Brown Pelican, Reddish Egret, American Oystercatcher, Piping Plover, Ruddy Turnstone, Least Tern, Sandwich Tern, Gull-billed Tern, and Black Skimmer, to name just a few possibilities. The lake is actually a pool of the Mississippi River, and the rivers the widest spot. Type in your search and hit Enter on desktop or hit Go on mobile device, From the headwaters of the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Our email newsletter shares the latest programs and initiatives. Cardinal, Northern Numerous cold-water trout streams feed major rivers such as the Root, Whitewater, Zumbro, and Cannon. Two nature trails, one near the visitor center and another seven miles southwest in Ocean Springs, offer good birding. The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge is actually 240,000 acres and 261 miles long, running through Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois and lies within the Mississippi Flyway, the migratory path for birds. The White River National Wildlife Refuge in Arkansas might be home to a remnant population of the ivory-billed woodpecker. Horned Grebe 5. Several sites along the coast, including Ansley Preserve, can host this spectacle, though such events are always weather-dependent and cant be predicted very far in advance. One of the finest wildlife-viewing sites in the region, Noxubee is located about 13 miles south of Starkville. Goose Information; Mourning Doves; Teal Information; Waterfowl Migration Survey; Pheasant & Small Game + Turkey Hunting. MN ?V 1a The Mississippi River is a significant bird migration route and among the more spectacular seasonal flights are those of the waterfowl. Visitors should keep an eye on lawns, large-shaded trees, and roadside planting to view birds. And during the summer, it is one of the most important nesting areas in North America for a number of bird species. Native: Species naturally occurs in park or region. MN-1a (waterfowl) ?V During the months of November and December Lake Pepin is the site for a major concentration of migrating Common Mergansers with numbers varying each year from 20,000 to over 70,000. Photo: Howard Arndt/Audubon Photography Awards, Great Egret. Pheasant, Ring-necked It also branches off into the Great Lakes and the Ohio River Valley. The road passes Buccaneer State Park, which has Clapper Rail, Red-headed Woodpecker, and Brown-headed Nuthatch, and can be a good fallout spot during spring migration. Legal Notices Privacy Policy Contact Us. There are several parking spots at this paved "pull off" style overlook along with interpretive signs and a spotting scope to help viewers enjoy the migration. In addition to winter eagle use documented under 1d, the refuge had 150 active Bald Eagle nests in 2005, 36 of which were located in Minnesota. Lower than normal river levels have made the shipwreck accessible by land. Nesting birds in this area include Wild Turkey, Anhinga, Least Bittern, Mississippi Kite, King Rail, Purple Gallinule, Common Gallinule, Red-headed Woodpecker, Pileated Woodpecker, Wood Thrush, Prothonotary Warbler, Kentucky Warbler, Yellow-throated Warbler, and Summer Tanager. With an estimated 3.7 million annual visitors, it is the most heavily visited Refuge in the System. The following links provide information about some of the bird species that either inhabit or migrate through the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area. Much of the refuge is, understandably, closed to avoid disturbance to the cranes. Mid-winter counts ranged from 321 in 2004 to 58 in 2005 between Winona and LaCrescent, as viewed from the Minnesota side of the river. Together, these . Pledge to stand with Audubon to call on elected officials to listen to science and work towards climate solutions. Whether you're searching for songbirds, water birds, shorebirds or raptors, here are some recommendations for when and where to look for them! Vast wildlife refuges, state forests, federal forests and parks protect the habitat and food sources these birds depend on. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) intends to gather information necessary to prepare a Start Printed Page 11930 comprehensive conservation plan (CCP) for Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge and Bear River Watershed Conservation Area, pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and its implementing regulations. Over 290 species of birds migrate through the refuge across its 240,000 acre stretch, utilizing the bottomland forest, marshland, river, and prairie ecosystems on their journeys. amounts of public lands along the river corridor. Anhinga 13. Highlights among the areas nesting birds are Least Bittern, Yellow-crowned Night-Heron, Swallow-tailed Kite (scarce), Clapper Rail, Seaside Sparrow, and Painted Bunting. The Upper Mississippi NWR is the longest NWR in the lower 48 states. Swallow, Barn The Mississippi Kite makes a streamlined silhouette as it careens through the sky on the hunt for small prey, or dive-bombs intruders that come too close to its nest tree. Bobolink 2. Peregrine Falcons nest in Lake City and on Maiden Rock in Wisconsin and hunt over Lake Pepin. Audubon protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow. The site is easily accessed by U.S. Highway 61 as well as the Mississippi River for the entire length of the area. Checking all these sites, birders can find many species of ducks in migration, Brown Pelican, wading birds, Clapper Rail, American Oystercatcher, gulls, terns, Barred Owl, Red-headed Woodpecker, Brown-headed Nuthatch, and Seaside Sparrow, to name just a few possibilities. A River of Birds From the headwaters of the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico More than 325 bird species make the round-trip each year along the Mississippi Flyway, from their breeding grounds in Canada and the northern United States to their wintering grounds along the Gulf of Mexico and in Central and South America. Swallow, Bank The call of the mourning dove is a delicate, sorrowful sound that is frequently and readily mistaken for an owl's. 3. Red-shouldered Hawks nest in the refuge and up to 24 pairs have been recorded in one year. White . It the biggest flyway for migratory birds and is used by 325 different species. Or, go birding in Tennessees Chickasaw National Wildlife Refuge. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Over 290 species of birds migrate through the refuge across its 240,000 acre stretch, utilizing the bottomland forest, marshland, river, and prairie ecosystems on their journeys. Nonetheless, it may be possible to see them as they move daily to rest and feed. Ornithological Summary. Roughly 325 species of birds and about 40 percent of waterfowl use this "super highway" during migration. Non-native: Species occurs on park lands as a result of deliberate or accidental human activities. Cormorant, Double-crested The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge and other public lands offer many great birding opportunities. Ansley Preserve A site on Ansley Road, about seven miles south of Highway 90 in Hancock County, is a noted hot spot for spring and fall migrant songbirds. Probably Present: High confidence species occurs in park but current, verified evidence needed. These spots provide habitat for waterfowl, wading birds, and woodland species such as the Red-headed Woodpecker and Prothonotary Warbler. The mourning dove is a medium-sized, graceful bird with a pinkish-gray underside and light gray-brown upper parts. The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge offers weekly counts of numerous bird species on their Recent Bird Sightings web page. ?s Habitat for the Wild and Rare - The Blufflands Subsection in southeastern Minnesota, dominated by the Mississippi River, is characterized by bluff prairies, steep bluffs,and stream valleys, often 500 to 600 feet deep. Locks & dams and scenic overlooks along the route offer fantastic birding. The refuge Major furbearers along the Mississippi River include muskrat, mink, beaver, otter, raccoon, skunk, weasel and fox. Grebe, Pied-billed The Mississippi River borders Iowa for more than 300 miles, entering the state between swift bluffs that rise four to six hundred feet above the river level. Our camera operators noted that she seemed restless at around 4:03 PM. American white pelicans cluster in large pods on the water in late summer, getting ready for the migration ahead! Autumn offers some of Minnesota's best bird watching, with mild temperatures, congregating flocks and vibrant forests enhancing bird hikes and road trips. Fall migration on the Great River Road Thursday, October 08, 2020 Travelers on the Great River Road this season may notice they have some company. Compared to the uncanny ability of migratory birds, the human navigational system the one we're born with isn't always up to the task. Along the route, travelers will see birds on the move, including vast flocks of geese as well as cranes, ducks, sparrows, blackbirds, thrushes and warblers. Local ornithologist Dave Zumeta has been tracking the bird species at key Minneapolis River Gorge sites for many years. We opted to be more inclusive in which states reside in which flyway. 866-763-8310 | info@experiencemississippiriver.com. The water you provide is often much cleaner than what they can find in nature, especially after a long winter. Let us know. In the so-called Mississippi flyway, a bird migration pattern that goes through the middle of North America, birds tend to trace the path of the world-famous river and its tributaries as they work their way across the U.S., and, for some, up into Canada. The Frontenac area is known throughout the birding community as one of the main and most famous areas in the state to view the May migration of warblers and other neotropical migrants. Frontenac Point is the subject of one of the most beautiful dioramas at the Bell Museum of Natural History at the University of Minnesota. Eagle, Bald Harvest season is underway for crops such as soybeans and corn, but farmers' yields are piling up. Share. Thrasher, Brown It is used by about 40% of the migratory birds that spend the spring and summer in the U.S. ?s 71 State Parks. Large groups of both diving ducks and puddle ducks swim close to the dike and even larger rafts of diving ducks can be seen with a spotting scope as you look north towards the main channel of the Mississippi River.
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